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RAG Evaluations

Key concepts

RAG evaluation | Evaluators | LLM-as-judge evaluators

Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) is a technique that enhances Large Language Models (LLMs) by providing them with relevant external knowledge. It has become one of the most widely used approaches for building LLM applications.

This tutorial will show you how to evaluate your RAG applications using LangSmith. You'll learn:

  1. How to create test datasets
  2. How to run your RAG application on those datasets
  3. How to measure your application's performance using different evaluation metrics

Overview​

A typical RAG evaluation workflow consists of three main steps:

  1. Creating a dataset with questions and their expected answers
  2. Running your RAG application on those questions
  3. Using evaluators to measure how well your application performed, looking at factors like:
    • Answer relevance
    • Answer accuracy
    • Retrieval quality

For this tutorial, we'll create and evaluate a bot that answers questions about a few of Lilian Weng's insightful blog posts.

Setup​

Environment​

First, let's set our environment variables:

import os

os.environ["LANGCHAIN_TRACING_V2"] = "true"
os.environ["LANGCHAIN_API_KEY"] = "YOUR LANGCHAIN API KEY"
os.environ["OPENAI_API_KEY"] = "YOUR OPENAI API KEY"

And install the dependencies we'll need:

pip install -U langsmith langchain langchain-community langchain-openai

Or if you are using JS:

yarn add langsmith langchain @langchain/community @langchain/openai

Application​

Framework Flexibility

While this tutorial uses LangChain, the evaluation techniques and LangSmith functionality demonstrated here work with any framework. Feel free to use your preferred tools and libraries.

In this section, we'll build a basic Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) application.

We'll stick to a simple implementation that:

  • Indexing: chunks and indexes a few of Lilian Weng's blogs in a vector store
  • Retrieval: retrieves those chunks based on the user question
  • Generation: passes the question and retrieved docs to an LLM.

Indexing and retrieval​

First, lets load the blog posts we want to build a chatbot for and index them.

from langchain_community.document_loaders import WebBaseLoader
from langchain_core.vectorstores import InMemoryVectorStore
from langchain_openai import OpenAIEmbeddings
from langchain_text_splitters import RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

# List of URLs to load documents from
urls = [
    "https://lilianweng.github.io/posts/2023-06-23-agent/",
    "https://lilianweng.github.io/posts/2023-03-15-prompt-engineering/",
    "https://lilianweng.github.io/posts/2023-10-25-adv-attack-llm/",
]

# Load documents from the URLs
docs = [WebBaseLoader(url).load() for url in urls]
docs_list = [item for sublist in docs for item in sublist]

# Initialize a text splitter with specified chunk size and overlap
text_splitter = RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter.from_tiktoken_encoder(
    chunk_size=250, chunk_overlap=0
)

# Split the documents into chunks
doc_splits = text_splitter.split_documents(docs_list)

# Add the document chunks to the "vector store" using OpenAIEmbeddings
vectorstore = InMemoryVectorStore.from_documents(
    documents=doc_splits,
    embedding=OpenAIEmbeddings(),
)

# With langchain we can easily turn any vector store into a retrieval component:
retriever = vectorstore.as_retriever(k=6)

Generation​

We can now define the generative pipeline.

from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
from langsmith import traceable

llm = ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-4o", temperature=1)

# Add decorator so this function is traced in LangSmith
@traceable()
def rag_bot(question: str) -> dict:
    # LangChain retriever will be automatically traced
    docs = retriever.invoke(question)
    docs_string = "

".join(doc.page_content for doc in docs)

    instructions = f"""You are a helpful assistant who is good at analyzing source information and answering questions.       Use the following source documents to answer the user's questions.       If you don't know the answer, just say that you don't know.       Use three sentences maximum and keep the answer concise.

Documents:
{docs_string}"""

    # langchain ChatModel will be automatically traced
    ai_msg = llm.invoke([
            {"role": "system", "content": instructions},
            {"role": "user", "content": question},
        ],
    )

    return {"answer": ai_msg.content, "documents": docs}

Dataset​

Now that we've got our application, let's build a dataset to evaluate it. Our dataset will be very simple in this case: we'll have example questions and reference answers.

from langsmith import Client

client = Client()

# Define the examples for the dataset
examples = [
    (
        "How does the ReAct agent use self-reflection? ",
        "ReAct integrates reasoning and acting, performing actions - such tools like Wikipedia search API - and then observing / reasoning about the tool outputs.",
    ),
    (
        "What are the types of biases that can arise with few-shot prompting?",
        "The biases that can arise with few-shot prompting include (1) Majority label bias, (2) Recency bias, and (3) Common token bias.",
    ),
    (
        "What are five types of adversarial attacks?",
        "Five types of adversarial attacks are (1) Token manipulation, (2) Gradient based attack, (3) Jailbreak prompting, (4) Human red-teaming, (5) Model red-teaming.",
    )
]

# Create the dataset and examples in LangSmith
dataset_name = "Lilian Weng Blogs Q&A"
dataset = client.create_dataset(dataset_name=dataset_name)
client.create_examples(
    inputs=[{"question": q} for q, _ in examples], 
    outputs=[{"answer": a} for _, a in examples], 
    dataset_id=dataset.id,
)

Evaluators​

One way to think about different types of RAG evaluators is as a tuple of what is being evaluated X what its being evaluated against:

  1. Correctness: Response vs reference answer
  • Goal: Measure "how similar/correct is the RAG chain answer, relative to a ground-truth answer"
  • Mode: Requires a ground truth (reference) answer supplied through a dataset
  • Evaluator: Use LLM-as-judge to assess answer correctness.
  1. Relevance: Response vs input
  • Goal: Measure "how well does the generated response address the initial user input"
  • Mode: Does not require reference answer, because it will compare the answer to the input question
  • Evaluator: Use LLM-as-judge to assess answer relevance, helpfulness, etc.
  1. Groundedness: Response vs retrieved docs
  • Goal: Measure "to what extent does the generated response agree with the retrieved context"
  • Mode: Does not require reference answer, because it will compare the answer to the retrieved context
  • Evaluator: Use LLM-as-judge to assess faithfulness, hallucinations, etc.
  1. Retrieval relevance: Retrieved docs vs input
  • Goal: Measure "how relevant are my retrieved results for this query"
  • Mode: Does not require reference answer, because it will compare the question to the retrieved context
  • Evaluator: Use LLM-as-judge to assess relevance

Correctness: Response vs reference answer​

from typing_extensions import Annotated, TypedDict

# Grade output schema
class CorrectnessGrade(TypedDict):
    # Note that the order in the fields are defined is the order in which the model will generate them.
    # It is useful to put explanations before responses because it forces the model to think through
    # its final response before generating it:
    explanation: Annotated[str, ..., "Explain your reasoning for the score"]
    correct: Annotated[bool, ..., "True if the answer is correct, False otherwise."]

# Grade prompt
correctness_instructions = """You are a teacher grading a quiz. 

You will be given a QUESTION, the GROUND TRUTH (correct) ANSWER, and the STUDENT ANSWER. 

Here is the grade criteria to follow:
(1) Grade the student answers based ONLY on their factual accuracy relative to the ground truth answer. 
(2) Ensure that the student answer does not contain any conflicting statements.
(3) It is OK if the student answer contains more information than the ground truth answer, as long as it is factually accurate relative to the  ground truth answer.

Correctness:
A correctness value of True means that the student's answer meets all of the criteria.
A correctness value of False means that the student's answer does not meet all of the criteria.

Explain your reasoning in a step-by-step manner to ensure your reasoning and conclusion are correct. 

Avoid simply stating the correct answer at the outset."""

# Grader LLM
grader_llm = ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-4o", temperature=0).with_structured_output(CorrectnessGrade, method="json_schema", strict=True)

def correctness(inputs: dict, outputs: dict, reference_outputs: dict) -> bool:
    """An evaluator for RAG answer accuracy"""
    answers = f"""      QUESTION: {inputs['question']}
GROUND TRUTH ANSWER: {reference_outputs['answer']}
STUDENT ANSWER: {outputs['answer']}"""

    # Run evaluator
    grade = grader_llm.invoke([{"role": "system", "content": correctness_instructions}, {"role": "user", "content": answers}])
    return grade["correct"]

Relevance: Response vs input​

The flow is similar to above, but we simply look at the inputs and outputs without needing the reference_outputs. Without a reference answer we can't grade accuracy, but can still grade relevance—as in, did the model address the user's question or not.

# Grade output schema
class RelevanceGrade(TypedDict):
    explanation: Annotated[str, ..., "Explain your reasoning for the score"]
    relevant: Annotated[bool, ..., "Provide the score on whether the answer addresses the question"]

# Grade prompt
relevance_instructions="""You are a teacher grading a quiz. 

You will be given a QUESTION and a STUDENT ANSWER. 

Here is the grade criteria to follow:
(1) Ensure the STUDENT ANSWER is concise and relevant to the QUESTION
(2) Ensure the STUDENT ANSWER helps to answer the QUESTION

Relevance:
A relevance value of True means that the student's answer meets all of the criteria.
A relevance value of False means that the student's answer does not meet all of the criteria.

Explain your reasoning in a step-by-step manner to ensure your reasoning and conclusion are correct. 

Avoid simply stating the correct answer at the outset."""

# Grader LLM
relevance_llm = ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-4o", temperature=0).with_structured_output(RelevanceGrade, method="json_schema", strict=True)

# Evaluator
def relevance(inputs: dict, outputs: dict) -> bool:
    """A simple evaluator for RAG answer helpfulness."""
    answer = f"""      QUESTION: {inputs['question']}
STUDENT ANSWER: {outputs['answer']}"""
    grade = relevance_llm.invoke([{"role": "system", "content": relevance_instructions}, {"role": "user", "content": answer}])
    return grade["relevant"]

Groundedness: Response vs retrieved docs​

Another useful way to evaluate responses without needing reference answers is to check if the response is justified by (or "grounded in") the retrieved documents.

# Grade output schema
class GroundedGrade(TypedDict):
    explanation: Annotated[str, ..., "Explain your reasoning for the score"]
    grounded: Annotated[bool, ..., "Provide the score on if the answer hallucinates from the documents"]

# Grade prompt
grounded_instructions = """You are a teacher grading a quiz. 

You will be given FACTS and a STUDENT ANSWER. 

Here is the grade criteria to follow:
(1) Ensure the STUDENT ANSWER is grounded in the FACTS. 
(2) Ensure the STUDENT ANSWER does not contain "hallucinated" information outside the scope of the FACTS.

Grounded:
A grounded value of True means that the student's answer meets all of the criteria.
A grounded value of False means that the student's answer does not meet all of the criteria.

Explain your reasoning in a step-by-step manner to ensure your reasoning and conclusion are correct. 

Avoid simply stating the correct answer at the outset."""

# Grader LLM 
grounded_llm = ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-4o", temperature=0).with_structured_output(GroundedGrade, method="json_schema", strict=True)

# Evaluator
def groundedness(inputs: dict, outputs: dict) -> bool:
    """A simple evaluator for RAG answer groundedness."""
    doc_string = "

".join(doc.page_content for doc in outputs["documents"])
    answer = f"""      FACTS: {doc_string}
STUDENT ANSWER: {outputs['answer']}"""
    grade = grounded_llm.invoke([{"role": "system", "content": grounded_instructions}, {"role": "user", "content": answer}])
    return grade["grounded"]

Retrieval relevance: Retrieved docs vs input​

# Grade output schema
class RetrievalRelevanceGrade(TypedDict):
    explanation: Annotated[str, ..., "Explain your reasoning for the score"]
    relevant: Annotated[bool, ..., "True if the retrieved documents are relevant to the question, False otherwise"]

# Grade prompt
retrieval_relevance_instructions = """You are a teacher grading a quiz. 

You will be given a QUESTION and a set of FACTS provided by the student. 

Here is the grade criteria to follow:
(1) You goal is to identify FACTS that are completely unrelated to the QUESTION
(2) If the facts contain ANY keywords or semantic meaning related to the question, consider them relevant
(3) It is OK if the facts have SOME information that is unrelated to the question as long as (2) is met

Relevance:
A relevance value of True means that the FACTS contain ANY keywords or semantic meaning related to the QUESTION and are therefore relevant.
A relevance value of False means that the FACTS are completely unrelated to the QUESTION.

Explain your reasoning in a step-by-step manner to ensure your reasoning and conclusion are correct. 

Avoid simply stating the correct answer at the outset."""

# Grader LLM
retrieval_relevance_llm = ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-4o", temperature=0).with_structured_output(RetrievalRelevanceGrade, method="json_schema", strict=True)

def retrieval_relevance(inputs: dict, outputs: dict) -> bool:
    """An evaluator for document relevance"""
    doc_string = "

".join(doc.page_content for doc in outputs["documents"])
    answer = f"""      FACTS: {doc_string}
QUESTION: {inputs['question']}"""

    # Run evaluator
    grade = retrieval_relevance_llm.invoke([{"role": "system", "content": retrieval_relevance_instructions}, {"role": "user", "content": answer}])
    return grade["relevant"]

Run evaluation​

We can now kick off our evaluation job with all of our different evaluators.

def target(inputs: dict) -> dict:
    return rag_bot(inputs["question"])

experiment_results = client.evaluate(
    target,
    data=dataset_name,
    evaluators=[correctness, groundedness, relevance, retrieval_relevance],
    experiment_prefix="rag-doc-relevance",
    metadata={"version": "LCEL context, gpt-4-0125-preview"},
)
# Explore results locally as a dataframe if you have pandas installed
# experiment_results.to_pandas()

You can see an example of what these results look like here: LangSmith link

Reference code​

Here's a consolidated script with all the above code:

from langchain_community.document_loaders import WebBaseLoader
from langchain_core.vectorstores import InMemoryVectorStore
from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI, OpenAIEmbeddings
from langchain_text_splitters import RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
from langsmith import Client, traceable
from typing_extensions import Annotated, TypedDict

# List of URLs to load documents from
urls = [
    "https://lilianweng.github.io/posts/2023-06-23-agent/",
    "https://lilianweng.github.io/posts/2023-03-15-prompt-engineering/",
    "https://lilianweng.github.io/posts/2023-10-25-adv-attack-llm/",
]

# Load documents from the URLs
docs = [WebBaseLoader(url).load() for url in urls]
docs_list = [item for sublist in docs for item in sublist]

# Initialize a text splitter with specified chunk size and overlap
text_splitter = RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter.from_tiktoken_encoder(
    chunk_size=250, chunk_overlap=0
)

# Split the documents into chunks
doc_splits = text_splitter.split_documents(docs_list)

# Add the document chunks to the "vector store" using OpenAIEmbeddings
vectorstore = InMemoryVectorStore.from_documents(
    documents=doc_splits,
    embedding=OpenAIEmbeddings(),
)

# With langchain we can easily turn any vector store into a retrieval component:
retriever = vectorstore.as_retriever(k=6)

llm = ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-4o", temperature=1)


# Add decorator so this function is traced in LangSmith
@traceable()
def rag_bot(question: str) -> dict:
    # langchain Retriever will be automatically traced
    docs = retriever.invoke(question)

    docs_string = "

".join(doc.page_content for doc in docs)
    instructions = f"""You are a helpful assistant who is good at analyzing source information and answering questions.       Use the following source documents to answer the user's questions.       If you don't know the answer, just say that you don't know.       Use three sentences maximum and keep the answer concise.

Documents:
{docs_string}"""
    # langchain ChatModel will be automatically traced
    ai_msg = llm.invoke(
        [
            {"role": "system", "content": instructions},
            {"role": "user", "content": question},
        ],
    )

    return {"answer": ai_msg.content, "documents": docs}


client = Client()

# Define the examples for the dataset
examples = [
    (
        "How does the ReAct agent use self-reflection? ",
        "ReAct integrates reasoning and acting, performing actions - such tools like Wikipedia search API - and then observing / reasoning about the tool outputs.",
    ),
    (
        "What are the types of biases that can arise with few-shot prompting?",
        "The biases that can arise with few-shot prompting include (1) Majority label bias, (2) Recency bias, and (3) Common token bias.",
    ),
    (
        "What are five types of adversarial attacks?",
        "Five types of adversarial attacks are (1) Token manipulation, (2) Gradient based attack, (3) Jailbreak prompting, (4) Human red-teaming, (5) Model red-teaming.",
    ),
]

# Create the dataset and examples in LangSmith
dataset_name = "Lilian Weng Blogs Q&A"
if not client.has_dataset(dataset_name=dataset_name):
    dataset = client.create_dataset(dataset_name=dataset_name)
    client.create_examples(
        inputs=[{"question": q} for q, _ in examples],
        outputs=[{"answer": a} for _, a in examples],
        dataset_id=dataset.id,
    )


# Grade output schema
class CorrectnessGrade(TypedDict):
    # Note that the order in the fields are defined is the order in which the model will generate them.
    # It is useful to put explanations before responses because it forces the model to think through
    # its final response before generating it:
    explanation: Annotated[str, ..., "Explain your reasoning for the score"]
    correct: Annotated[bool, ..., "True if the answer is correct, False otherwise."]


# Grade prompt
correctness_instructions = """You are a teacher grading a quiz. 

You will be given a QUESTION, the GROUND TRUTH (correct) ANSWER, and the STUDENT ANSWER. 

Here is the grade criteria to follow:
(1) Grade the student answers based ONLY on their factual accuracy relative to the ground truth answer. 
(2) Ensure that the student answer does not contain any conflicting statements.
(3) It is OK if the student answer contains more information than the ground truth answer, as long as it is factually accurate relative to the  ground truth answer.

Correctness:
A correctness value of True means that the student's answer meets all of the criteria.
A correctness value of False means that the student's answer does not meet all of the criteria.

Explain your reasoning in a step-by-step manner to ensure your reasoning and conclusion are correct. 

Avoid simply stating the correct answer at the outset."""

# Grader LLM
grader_llm = ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-4o", temperature=0).with_structured_output(
    CorrectnessGrade, method="json_schema", strict=True
)


def correctness(inputs: dict, outputs: dict, reference_outputs: dict) -> bool:
    """An evaluator for RAG answer accuracy"""
    answers = f"""      QUESTION: {inputs['question']}
GROUND TRUTH ANSWER: {reference_outputs['answer']}
STUDENT ANSWER: {outputs['answer']}"""

    # Run evaluator
    grade = grader_llm.invoke(
        [
            {"role": "system", "content": correctness_instructions},
            {"role": "user", "content": answers},
        ]
    )
    return grade["correct"]


# Grade output schema
class RelevanceGrade(TypedDict):
    explanation: Annotated[str, ..., "Explain your reasoning for the score"]
    relevant: Annotated[
        bool, ..., "Provide the score on whether the answer addresses the question"
    ]


# Grade prompt
relevance_instructions = """You are a teacher grading a quiz. 

You will be given a QUESTION and a STUDENT ANSWER. 

Here is the grade criteria to follow:
(1) Ensure the STUDENT ANSWER is concise and relevant to the QUESTION
(2) Ensure the STUDENT ANSWER helps to answer the QUESTION

Relevance:
A relevance value of True means that the student's answer meets all of the criteria.
A relevance value of False means that the student's answer does not meet all of the criteria.

Explain your reasoning in a step-by-step manner to ensure your reasoning and conclusion are correct. 

Avoid simply stating the correct answer at the outset."""

# Grader LLM
relevance_llm = ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-4o", temperature=0).with_structured_output(
    RelevanceGrade, method="json_schema", strict=True
)


# Evaluator
def relevance(inputs: dict, outputs: dict) -> bool:
    """A simple evaluator for RAG answer helpfulness."""
    answer = f"""      QUESTION: {inputs['question']}
STUDENT ANSWER: {outputs['answer']}"""
    grade = relevance_llm.invoke(
        [
            {"role": "system", "content": relevance_instructions},
            {"role": "user", "content": answer},
        ]
    )
    return grade["relevant"]


# Grade output schema
class GroundedGrade(TypedDict):
    explanation: Annotated[str, ..., "Explain your reasoning for the score"]
    grounded: Annotated[
        bool, ..., "Provide the score on if the answer hallucinates from the documents"
    ]


# Grade prompt
grounded_instructions = """You are a teacher grading a quiz. 

You will be given FACTS and a STUDENT ANSWER. 

Here is the grade criteria to follow:
(1) Ensure the STUDENT ANSWER is grounded in the FACTS. 
(2) Ensure the STUDENT ANSWER does not contain "hallucinated" information outside the scope of the FACTS.

Grounded:
A grounded value of True means that the student's answer meets all of the criteria.
A grounded value of False means that the student's answer does not meet all of the criteria.

Explain your reasoning in a step-by-step manner to ensure your reasoning and conclusion are correct. 

Avoid simply stating the correct answer at the outset."""

# Grader LLM
grounded_llm = ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-4o", temperature=0).with_structured_output(
    GroundedGrade, method="json_schema", strict=True
)


# Evaluator
def groundedness(inputs: dict, outputs: dict) -> bool:
    """A simple evaluator for RAG answer groundedness."""
    doc_string = "

".join(doc.page_content for doc in outputs["documents"])
    answer = f"""      FACTS: {doc_string}
STUDENT ANSWER: {outputs['answer']}"""
    grade = grounded_llm.invoke(
        [
            {"role": "system", "content": grounded_instructions},
            {"role": "user", "content": answer},
        ]
    )
    return grade["grounded"]


# Grade output schema
class RetrievalRelevanceGrade(TypedDict):
    explanation: Annotated[str, ..., "Explain your reasoning for the score"]
    relevant: Annotated[
        bool,
        ...,
        "True if the retrieved documents are relevant to the question, False otherwise",
    ]


# Grade prompt
retrieval_relevance_instructions = """You are a teacher grading a quiz. 

You will be given a QUESTION and a set of FACTS provided by the student. 

Here is the grade criteria to follow:
(1) You goal is to identify FACTS that are completely unrelated to the QUESTION
(2) If the facts contain ANY keywords or semantic meaning related to the question, consider them relevant
(3) It is OK if the facts have SOME information that is unrelated to the question as long as (2) is met

Relevance:
A relevance value of True means that the FACTS contain ANY keywords or semantic meaning related to the QUESTION and are therefore relevant.
A relevance value of False means that the FACTS are completely unrelated to the QUESTION.

Explain your reasoning in a step-by-step manner to ensure your reasoning and conclusion are correct. 

Avoid simply stating the correct answer at the outset."""

# Grader LLM
retrieval_relevance_llm = ChatOpenAI(
    model="gpt-4o", temperature=0
).with_structured_output(RetrievalRelevanceGrade, method="json_schema", strict=True)


def retrieval_relevance(inputs: dict, outputs: dict) -> bool:
    """An evaluator for document relevance"""
    doc_string = "

".join(doc.page_content for doc in outputs["documents"])
    answer = f"""      FACTS: {doc_string}
QUESTION: {inputs['question']}"""

    # Run evaluator
    grade = retrieval_relevance_llm.invoke(
        [
            {"role": "system", "content": retrieval_relevance_instructions},
            {"role": "user", "content": answer},
        ]
    )
    return grade["relevant"]


def target(inputs: dict) -> dict:
    return rag_bot(inputs["question"])


experiment_results = client.evaluate(
    target,
    data=dataset_name,
    evaluators=[correctness, groundedness, relevance, retrieval_relevance],
    experiment_prefix="rag-doc-relevance",
    metadata={"version": "LCEL context, gpt-4-0125-preview"},
)

# Explore results locally as a dataframe if you have pandas installed
# experiment_results.to_pandas()

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